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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ideogram</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the image generator, see <a href="Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram (text-to-image model)</a>. For the sculpture by James Rosati, see <a href="Ideogram_(sculpture)" title="Ideogram (sculpture)">Ideogram (sculpture)</a>.</div>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ideograph" and "Ideography" redirect here. For the rhetorical device, see <a href="Ideograph_(rhetoric)" title="Ideograph (rhetoric)">Ideograph (rhetoric)</a>. For ideographic dictionaries, see <a href="Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual dictionary</a>.</div>

</p><p>An <b>ideogram</b> or <b>ideograph</b> (from <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">idéa</i></span> 'idea' + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gráphō</i></span> 'to write') is a <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> that is used within a given <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> to represent an <a href="Idea" title="Idea">idea</a> or concept in a given language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Ideograms are contrasted with <a href="Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">phonograms</a>, which indicate sounds of speech and thus are independent of any particular language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27,_38_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27,_38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Some ideograms are more arbitrary than others: some are only meaningful assuming preexisting familiarity with some convention; others more directly resemble their <a href="Signified" class="mw-redirect" title="Signified">signifieds</a>. Ideograms that represent physical objects by visually illustrating them are called <i><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictograms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBpictography_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpictography-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numerals</a> and <a href="List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">mathematical symbols</a> are ideograms, for example ⟨1⟩ 'one', ⟨2⟩ 'two', ⟨+⟩ 'plus', and ⟨=⟩ 'equals'.</li>

<li>The <a href="Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> ⟨&⟩ is used in many languages to represent the word <i>and</i>, originally a stylized <a href="Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> of the <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">et</i></span>.</li>

<li>Other typographical examples include ⟨§⟩ 'section', ⟨€⟩ 'euro', ⟨£⟩ 'pound sterling', and ⟨©⟩ 'copyright'.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a> and <a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logograms">Logograms</h3></div>

<p>Ideograms are not to be equated with <a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>, which represent specific <a href="Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> in a language. In a broad sense, ideograms may form part of a writing system otherwise based on other principles, like the examples above in the <a href="Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> English writing system—while also potentially representing the same idea across several languages, as they do not correspond to a specific spoken word. There may not always be a single way to read a given ideograph. While remaining logograms assigned to morphemes, specific <a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> like ⟨<span lang="zh">中</span>⟩ 'middle' may be classified as ideographs in a narrower sense, given their origin and visual structure.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictograms_and_indicatives">Pictograms and indicatives</h3></div>

<p><i><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictograms</a></i>, depending on the definition, are ideograms that represent an idea either through a direct <a href="Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconic</a> resemblance to what is being referenced,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or otherwise more broadly visually represent or illustrate it.<sup id="cite_ref-EBpictography_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpictography-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a> systems, pictograms generally comprised most of the available symbols. Their use could also be extended via the <a href="Rebus" title="Rebus">rebus</a> principle: for example, the pictorial <a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba symbols</a> without <a href="Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a> annotation cannot represent the <a href="Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi language</a>, but are used as a <a href="Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> for the recitation of oral literature. Some systems also use <i>indicatives</i>, which denote abstract concepts. Sometimes, the word <i>ideogram</i> is used to refer exclusively to indicatives, contrasting them with pictograms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The word <i>ideogram</i> has historically often been used to describe <a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, <a href="Sumerian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian cuneiform">Sumerian cuneiform</a>, and <a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. However, these symbols represent semantic elements of a language, and not the underlying ideas directly—their use generally requires knowledge of a specific spoken language. Modern scholars refer to these symbols instead as <i><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a></i>, and generally avoid calling them <i>ideograms</i>. Most logograms include some representation of the pronunciation of the corresponding word in the language, often using the rebus principle. Later systems used selected symbols to represent the sounds of the language, such as the adaptation of the logogram for <span title="multiple-language romanization"><i lang="mul-Latn">ʾālep</i></span> 'ox' as the letter <a href="Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> representing the initial <a href="Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. However, some logograms still meaningfully depict the meaning of the morpheme they represent visually. Pictograms are shaped like the object that the word refers to, such as an icon of a bull denoting the Semitic word <span title="multiple-language romanization"><i lang="mul-Latn">ʾālep</i></span> 'ox'. Other logograms may visually represent meaning via more abstract techniques.

</p><p>Many <a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> and <a href="Cuneiform_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform writing">cuneiform graphs</a> could be used either logographically or phonetically. For example, the Sumerian <i><a href="Dingir" title="Dingir">dingir</a></i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒀭</span>⟩</span> could represent the word <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">diĝir</i></span> 'deity', the god <a href="An_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="An (mythology)">An</a> or the word <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">an</i></span> 'sky'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Akkadian, the graph <span class="nowrap">⟨<span typeof="mw:File"></span>⟩</span> could represent the stem <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">il-</i></span> 'deity', the word <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">šamu</i></span> 'sky', or the syllable <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">an</i></span>.

</p><p>While Chinese characters generally function as logograms, three of the six classes in the <a href="Liushu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liushu">traditional classification</a> are ideographic (or <i>semantographic</i>) in origin, as they have no phonetic component:

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<ul><li>Pictograms (<span lang="zh">象形</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiàngxíng</i></span>) are generally among the oldest characters, with forms dating to the 12th century BC. Generally, with the evolution of the script, the forms of pictographs became less directly representational, to the extent that their referents are no longer plausible to intuit. Examples include <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">田</span>⟩</span> 'field', and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">心</span>⟩</span> 'heart'.</li>

<li>Indicatives (<span lang="zh">指事字</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhǐshìzì</i></span>) like <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">上</span>⟩</span> 'up' and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">下</span>⟩</span> 'down', or numerals like <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">三</span>⟩</span> 'three'.</li>

<li>Ideographic compounds (<span lang="zh">会意字</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huìyìzì</i></span>) have a meaning synthesized from several other characters, such as <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">明</span>⟩</span> 'bright', a compound of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">日</span>⟩</span> 'Sun' and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">月</span>⟩</span> 'Moon', or <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">休</span>⟩</span> 'rest', composed of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">人</span>⟩</span> 'person' and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">木</span>⟩</span> 'tree'. As the understanding of <a href="Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old Chinese phonology</a> developed during the second half of the 20th century, many researchers became convinced that the etymology of most characters originally thought to be ideographic compounds actually included some phonetic component.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Example of ideograms are the <a href="DOT_pictograms" title="DOT pictograms">DOT pictograms</a>, a collection of 50 symbols developed during the 1970s by the <a href="American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a> at the request of the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially used to mark airports, the system gradually became more widespread.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_signs">Pure signs</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> and <a href="Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign (semiotics)</a></div>

<p>Many ideograms only represent ideas by convention. For example, a red octagon only carries the meaning of 'stop' due to the public association and <a href="Reification_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reification (linguistics)">reification</a> of that meaning over time. In the field of <a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, these are a type of pure <i><a href="Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">sign</a></i>, a term which also includes symbols using non-graphical media. Modern analysis of Chinese characters reveals that pure signs are as old as the system itself, with prominent examples including the numerals representing numbers larger than four, including <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">五</span>⟩</span> 'five', and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span lang="zh">八</span>⟩</span> 'eight'. These do not indicate anything about the quantities they represent visually or phonetically, only conventionally.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_notation">Mathematical notation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">Mathematical notation</a></div>

<p>A mathematical symbol is a type of ideogram.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></div>

<p>As true <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> emerged from systems of pure ideograms, later societies with phonetic writing were often compelled by the intuitive connection between pictures, diagrams and <a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>—though ultimately ignorant of the latter's necessary phonetic dimension. Greek speakers began regularly visiting Egypt during the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201923_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201923-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> writers generally mistook the Egyptian writing system to be purely ideographic. According to tradition, the Greeks had acquired the ability to write, among other things, from the Egyptians through <a href="Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 495 BC</span>), who had been directly taught their silent form of "symbolic teaching".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201643–45_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201643–45-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (428–347 BC), the conception of hieroglyphs as ideograms was rooted in a broader <a href="Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">philosophical</a> conception of most language as an imperfect and obfuscatory image of reality. The <a href="Views_of_Plato" class="mw-redirect" title="Views of Plato">views of Plato</a> involved an <a href="Ontologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontologically">ontologically</a> separate <a href="World_of_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="World of forms">world of forms</a>, but those of his student <a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC) instead saw the forms as abstracts, identical in the mind of every person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201632–34_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201632–34-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For both, ideography was a more perfect representation of the forms possessed by the Egyptians. The Aristotelian framework would be the foundation for the conception of language in the Mediterranean world into the medieval era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201918O'Neill201618–20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201918O'Neill201618–20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to the classical theory, because ideographs directly reflected the forms, they were the only "true language",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201638–40_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201638–40-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had the unique ability to communicate arcane wisdom to readers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201618–20,_32–34,_46–50_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201618–20,_32–34,_46–50-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to read Egyptian hieroglyphs had been lost during late antiquity, in the context of the country's Hellenization and Christianization. However, the traditional notion that the latter trends compelled the abandonment of hieroglyphic writing has been rejected by recent scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201932_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201932-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Europe only became fully acquainted with <a href="Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a> near the end of the 16th century, and initially related the system to their existing framework of ideography as partially informed by Egyptian hieroglyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20161_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20161-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, <a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a>'s successful <a href="Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts" title="Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts">decipherment of hieroglyphs</a> in 1823 stemmed from an understanding that they did represent spoken <a href="Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, as opposed to being purely ideographic. Champollion's insight in part stemmed from his familiarity with the work of French sinologist <a href="Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat">Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat</a> regarding <i><a href="Fanqie" title="Fanqie">fanqie</a></i>, which demonstrated that Chinese characters were often used to write sounds, and not just ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20165–6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20165–6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_universal_languages">Proposed universal languages</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Pasigraphy" title="Pasigraphy">Pasigraphy</a></div>

<p>Inspired by these conceptions of ideography, several attempts have been made to design a universal written language—i.e., an ideography whose interpretations are accessible to all people with no regard to the languages they speak. An early proposal was made in 1668 by <a href="John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a> in <i><a href="An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character%2C_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i>. More recently, <a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a> was devised by <a href="Charles_K._Bliss" title="Charles K. Bliss">Charles K. Bliss</a> in 1949, and currently includes over 2,000 graphs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger200313–16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200313–16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a> – the study of inscriptions</li>

<li><a href="List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">List of symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">List of writing systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">Character (symbol)</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterogram_(linguistics)" title="Heterogram (linguistics)">Heterogram (linguistics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Yerkish#Lexigram_concept" title="Yerkish">Lexigrams</a></li>

<li><a href="Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Ideographic_rune" title="Ideographic rune">Ideographic rune</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ideograms" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ideograms">Ideograms</a></span>.</div></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHornby1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hornby, Albert Sydney (1989). "ideograph". In Cowie, Anthony Paul (ed.). <i>Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 616. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-431136-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27,_38-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27,_38_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson2004">Robertson (2004)</a>, pp. 25–27, 38.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson200425–27_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson2004">Robertson (2004)</a>, pp. 25–27.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EBpictography-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBpictography_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBpictography_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459568">pictography</a> at the <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). <i>The Languages of China</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 266. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-691-01468-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichalowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Michalowski, Piotr (2008). "Sumerian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>46. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-68497-2</bdi>.</cite> p. 12.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoltz1994" class="citation book cs1">Boltz, William (1994). <i>The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system</i>. American Oriental Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>72, 149. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-940490-78-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiga.org/resources/symbol-signs">"Resources"</a>. American Institute of Graphic Arts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRotman2000" class="citation book cs1">Rotman, Brian (2000). <i>Mathematics as Sign: Writing, Imagining, Counting</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8047-3684-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201923-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201923_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterfeld2019">Westerfeld (2019)</a>, p. 23.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201643–45-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201643–45_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, pp. 43–45.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201632–34-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201632–34_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, pp. 32–34.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201918O'Neill201618–20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201918O'Neill201618–20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterfeld2019">Westerfeld (2019)</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, pp. 18–20.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201638–40-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201638–40_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, pp. 38–40.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201618–20,_32–34,_46–50-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201618–20,_32–34,_46–50_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, pp. 18–20, 32–34, 46–50.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201932-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterfeld201932_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWesterfeld2019">Westerfeld (2019)</a>, p. 32.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonBainesCooper2003" class="citation journal cs1">Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (2003). "Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>45</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">441–</span>444. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417503000227">10.1017/S0010417503000227</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879458">3879458</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20161-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20161_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, p. 1.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20165–6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill20165–6_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2016">O'Neill (2016)</a>, pp. 5–6.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200313–16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger200313–16_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnger2003">Unger (2003)</a>, pp. 13–16.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas2003" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (2003). <i>Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-78217-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">DeFrancis, John</a> (1986). <a href="The_Chinese_Language%3A_Fact_and_Fantasy" title="The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy"><i>The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-1068-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHannas1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannas, William C. (1997). <i>Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-1892-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHouston2004" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Stephen D. (2004). <i>The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-83861-4</bdi>.</cite>

<ul><li><span id="CITEREFRobertson2004" class="citation">Robertson, John S. "The possibility and actuality of writing". In <a href="#CITEREFHouston2004">Houston (2004)</a>, pp. 16–38.</span></li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFUnger2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="J._Marshall_Unger" title="J. Marshall Unger">Unger, James Marshall</a> (2003). <i>Ideogram: Chinese Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-2656-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Timothy Michael (2016). <i>Ideography and Chinese Language Theory: A History</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-045923-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWesterfeld2019" class="citation book cs1">Westerfeld, Jennifer Taylor (2019). <i>Egyptian Hieroglyphs in the Late Antique Imagination</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8122-5157-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">DeFrancis, John</a> (1984). "The Ideographic Myth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pinyin.info/readings/texts/ideographic_myth.html"><i>The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span> – via pinyin.info.</cite></li></ul>

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<li><a href="Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br>types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li>

<li><a href="Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li>

<li><a href="John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li>

<li><a href="Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li>

<li><a href="William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li>

<li><a href="George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li>

<li><a href="Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li>

<li><a href="Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li>

<li><a href="Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_A._Keim" title="Daniel A. Keim">Daniel A. Keim</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li>

<li><a href="David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li>

<li><a href="Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li>

<li><a href="Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li>

<li><a href="Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li>

<li><a href="Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_systems125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li>

<li><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li>

<li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li>

<li><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li>

<li><a href="Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li>

<li><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li>

<li><a href="Boyd's_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li>

<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li>

<li><a href="Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>

<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li>

<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>

<li><a href="Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmanya_script" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li>

<li><a href="Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>

<li><a href="Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li>

<li><a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li>

<li><a href="Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li>

<li><a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li>

<li><a href="Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>

<li><a href="Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>

<li><a href="Man'y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-ordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ge'ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Blindness organizations</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Schools for the blind</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161217-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-12" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ideogram&oldid=1300073342">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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